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The European Journal of Orthodontics Advance Access published online on August 10, 2006
The European Journal of Orthodontics, doi:10.1093/ejo/cjl002
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontics Society. All rights reserved. The online version of this article has been published under an open access model. Users are entitled to use, reproduce, disseminate, or display the open access version of this article for non-commercial purposes provided that: the original authorship is properly and fully attributed; the Journal and Oxford University Press are attributed as the original place of publication with the correct citation details given; if an article is subsequently reproduced or disseminated not in its entirety but only in part or as a derivative work this must be clearly indicated. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

Article

Toxicity of used orthodontic archwires assessed by three-dimensional cell culture

Bart Vande Vannet 1 *, Nahid Mohebbian 2, and Heinrich Wehrbein 3

1 Department of Orthodontics, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
2 Department of Restorative Dentistry, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
3 Department of Orthodontics, University of Mainz, Germany

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Bart Vande Vannet, E-mail: bart.vandevannet{at}pandora.be


  Abstract

The aim of the present study was to determine whether used orthodontic wires made of different materials cause toxicity and loss of viability on three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures. Three types of orthodontic wires, stainless steel, Nitinol®, and TMA® (n = 9) which had been used clinically in fixed appliances for a period of 1 month, were retrieved at random from five patients. Both upper and lower archwires were collected and subjected to two different protocols: to assess toxicity, two pieces of each wire were placed on 3D cell cultures (reconstituted human epithelium); to investigate the possibility of cell damage, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used and haematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to evaluate morphological changes. Copper wire served as the control to determine the morphology of severe toxicity, and native cell cultures and silk were used as the negative controls.

Morphological evaluation of the native cell cultures revealed no toxic reactions. The ranking, from mild to severe toxicity was as follows: stainless steel < Nitinol® = TMA®. There were no significant differences between TMA® and Nitinol®. The MTT assay revealed the following mean percentage values for viability: native cell line (negative control), 100; stainless steel, 102.25; TMA®, 87.4; Nitinol®, 85.3; and copper wire (positive control) 57.2. Histological evaluation of the 3D cell cultures showed no severe toxicity or loss of viability for any of the wires. However, relative comparison between the different wires revealed that stainless steel induced less toxicity/loss of viability compared with TMA® and Nitinol® wire.


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[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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