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The European Journal of Orthodontics Advance Access published online on August 10, 2005
The European Journal of Orthodontics, doi:10.1093/ejo/cji047
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontics Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oupjournals.org.

Article

Ion release and cytotoxicity of stainless steel wires

Keun-Taek Oh 1 and Kyoung-Nam Kim 1*

1 Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Kyoung-Nam Kim, E-mail: okt0505{at}yonsei.ac.kr


  Abstract

Heat treatment is generally applied to orthodontic stainless steel (SS) wires to relieve the stresses that result from their manipulation by orthodontists. The quality and thickness of the oxide films formed on the surface of heat-treated wires can vary, and it is believed that these oxide films can influence the properties of heat-treated wires. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of heat treatment and cooling methods on the amount of metal ions released and to examine the cytotoxicity of heat-treated wires.

In this study, four types of SS wires (Remanium, Permachrome, Colboloy and Orthos) with a cross-sectional area of 0.41 x 0.56 mm were investigated. These wires were heat-treated in a vacuum, air, or argon environment, and were cooled in either a furnace or a water bath. Four control groups and 24 experimental groups were classified according to the type of wires, heat treatment conditions and cooling methods. In each group, the amount of nickel released as well as its cytotoxicity was investigated. The concentration of dissolved nickel ions in artificial saliva was measured for a period of up to 12 weeks.

In all groups, the concentration of dissolved nickel ions in artificial saliva was lowest for the vacuum heat treatment-furnace cooling group and a significant difference was shown compared with the other experimental groups. The concentration of dissolved nickel ions in artificial saliva was highest in the groups heat-treated in air (P < 0.05), while the amount of nickel released was highest in the Remanium and Colboloy (P < 0.05). The cytotoxicity was mild in all the experimental groups but the response index of the air groups was slightly higher than in the other groups.

According to these results, SS wires retain their high corrosion resistance and low ion release rate when heat-treated in a vacuum and cooled in a furnace.


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J. Daems, J.-P. Celis, and G. Willems
Morphological characterization of as-received and in vivo orthodontic stainless steel archwires
Eur J Orthod, June 1, 2009; 31(3): 260 - 265.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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