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The European Journal of Orthodontics 2000 22(5):499-508; doi:10.1093/ejo/22.5.499
© 2000 by European Orthodontic Society
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An evaluation of active shape models for the automatic identification of cephalometric landmarks

TJ Hutton, S Cunningham and P Hammond

Eastman Dental Institute, UCL, London, UK

This paper describes an evaluation of the application of active shape models to cephalometric landmarking. Permissible deformations of a template were established from a training set of hand-annotated images and the resulting model was used to fit to unseen images. An evaluation of this technique in comparison to the accuracy achieved by previous methods is presented.

Sixty-three randomly selected cephalograms were tested using a drop-one-out method. On average, 13 per cent of 16 landmarks were within 1 mm, 35 per cent within 2 mm, and 74 per cent within 5 mm. It was concluded that the current implementation does not give sufficient accuracy for completely automated landmarking, but could be used as a time-saving tool to provide a first-estimate location of the landmarks. The method is also of interest because it provides a framework for a range of future improvements.


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Adv. Dent. Res.Home page
P. Hammond, T. Hutton, S. Maheswaran, and S. Modgil
Computational Models of Oral and Craniofacial Development, Growth, and Repair
Adv. Dent. Res., December 1, 2003; 17(1): 61 - 64.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]



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