Skip Navigation


The European Journal of Orthodontics Advance Access originally published online on February 8, 2008
The European Journal of Orthodontics 2008 30(2):147-152; doi:10.1093/ejo/cjm120
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow FREE Full Text (PDF) Freely available
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
30/2/147    most recent
cjm120v1
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Trakyali, G.
Right arrow Articles by Arun, T.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Trakyali, G.
Right arrow Articles by Arun, T.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?

© The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontic Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

Conscious hypnosis as a method for patient motivation in cervical headgear wear—a pilot study

Göksu Trakyali*, Korkmaz Sayinsu*, Ali Esref Müezzinoglu** and Tülin Arun*

* Department of Orthodontics
** Department of Prosthodontics, Yeditepe University, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey

Address for correspondence Dr Göksu Trakyali, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Bagdat caddesi No. 238, Göztepe, Istanbul, Turkey, E-mail: gtrakyali{at}yeditepe.edu.tr


   Summary
Top
 Summary
Introduction
 Subjects and methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusion
 References
 
The aim of the present study was to assess the efficiency of conscious hypnosis on patient cooperation. The subjects were 30 patients (14 females and 16 males) with a skeletal Class II division 1 malocclusion, divided into two equal groups, a control and a study group. The mean age was 10.78 ± 1.06 years for the hypnosis, and 10.07 ± 1.09 years for the control group. Both groups were treated with cervical headgear containing a timer module. The patients were also asked to record their actual wear time on timetables. The hypnosis group patients were motivated with conscious hypnosis while the control group were given verbal motivation by their orthodontist. The timer modules were read at every visit and compared with the timetables. Analysis of variance was used to determine the differences in measurements at each time point. For comparison of the groups, an independent t-test was used.

A statistically significant decrease (P < 0.05) in headgear wear was observed in the control group from the first to the sixth month; however, the difference in the hypnosis group was not significant. This result indicates that conscious hypnosis is an effective method for improving orthodontic patient cooperation. There was a low correlation between actual headgear wear indicated by the patient and that recorded by the timing modules, which showed that, timetables are not consistent tools for measuring patient cooperation.


   Introduction
Top
 Summary
 Introduction
Subjects and methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusion
 References
 
The most appropriate time for treatment of a skeletal Class II division 1 malocclusion is in the mixed dentition period, while growth potential is still active (Kopecky and Fishman, 1993Go; Tulloch et al., 1997Go; Tung and Kiyak, 1998Go). Cervical headgear traction is a popular appliance for the early orthodontic treatment of such subjects (Cook et al., 1994Go; Cole, 2002Go; Mäntysaari et al., 2004Go). Considering the psychological characteristics of children in the mixed dentition, patient motivation should be encouraged in order to gain sufficient cooperation in the use of extra oral appliances. It is possibly an unwritten axiom in orthodontics that a good cooperator with headgear will obtain a better treatment result than a poor cooperator.

Patient cooperation is a common problem in cervical headgear treatment as well as with other extra oral appliances (Sinclair, 1994Go; Sinha et al., 1996Go; Richter et al., 1998Go; Mehra et al., 1998Go; Karaman et al., 2002Go; Turbill et al., 2003Go). This cooperation includes correct care of orthodontic appliances, maintaining excellent oral hygiene, wearing the appliances as instructed, and keeping scheduled appointments (El-Mangoury, 1981Go; Mehra et al., 1998Go). A non-compliant patient is less likely to achieve, satisfactory result, and more likely to require more time, and staff effort (Rubin, 1980Go). Lack of patient cooperation can undermine even the best treatment planning and mechanics (Jarabak, 1965Go).

There have been a number of behavioural studies regarding patient cooperation in orthodontic treatment (Weiss and Eiser, 1977Go; Alley, 1982Go; Remmel, 1982Go; Friedman and Litt, 1987Go). It has been commonly observed that a cooperative patient may turn into a non-cooperative patient or vice versa during treatment. Therefore, it is important to evaluate compliance during treatment in order to react when necessary.

Orthodontists make subjective assessments about their patient's actual level of compliance using methods such as molar mobility, cleanliness of headgear tubes and straps, ease of placement by the patient of the appliance, space creation between teeth, the amount of tooth movement compared with the pre-treatment models, and anchorage maintenance (El-Mangoury, 1981Go; Egolf et al., 1990Go; Cureton et al., 1993aGo; Mehra et al., 1998Go). The use of a log (timetable calendar) for self-monitoring is common in medical practice (Barton et al., 1999Go; Aittasalo et al., 2006Go). There are several advantages to the use of self-monitoring techniques (Clemmer and Hayes, 1979Go; Cureton et al., 1993aGo; Güray and Orhan, 1997Go; Cole, 2002Go; Doruk et al., 2004Go), such as reinforcement of responsibility for performing the activity (Remmel, 1982Go) and the immediate feedback provided to the patient. It can be considered that some people fail to understand their own actions by reporting that they comply when they really do not (Cureton et al., 1993aGo; Cole, 2002Go).

In order to more accurately monitor cooperation, several studies have tried to measure orthodontic patient compliance using electronic measuring devices (Northcutt, 1975Go; Mitchell, 1976Go; Cureton et al., 1993bGo; Güray and Orhan, 1997Go; Cole, 2002Go; Bos et al., 2003Go; Doruk et al., 2004Go). The first reported use of a headgear-timing device was by Northcutt (1974)Go. This timing headgear design was a sophisticated, miniaturized electronic clock that counted the number of hours that a headgear was worn. Mitchell (1976)Go used the timer headgear on patients with a history of poor cooperation and gained sufficient improvement in patient cooperation.

Cureton et al. (1991)Go developed a timing device based on a small quartz calendar watch concealed in a headgear strap and activated by a small switch attached to a traction module. Later, Güray and Orhan (1997)Go created their own timing headgear device. Many studies have found that these timing devices are useful in measuring patient cooperation during orthodontic treatment with removable appliances (Cureton et al., 1993aGo,bGo; Cole, 2002Go; Doruk et al., 2004Go). Cole (2002)Go used a commercially available timing headgear [Compliance Science System (CSS)] on 20 patients to encourage motivation. Doruk et al. (2004)Go also used the CSS to evaluate the efficacy of timer modules on patient cooperation.

A number of educational and psychological principles are adaptable to orthodontic practice in order to gain patient compliance. Many orthodontists will use their experiences as parents as a model for the management of cooperation problems. Others may use their parents’ and teachers’ behaviour as guiding principles. These approaches include yelling, berating, threatening, and ridiculing the patient to improve his/her performance (Fields, 1980Go). In many practices, parents are called in, and they join the doctor in harassing and ridiculing the offending child. In some cases, this strategy works, although more often the elastics or removable appliances will be worn only while the patient is in the presence of the threatening adult (Rubin, 1983Go). Another method is the reward or punishment system (White, 1974Go; Richter et al., 1998Go).

Since none of these approaches is reliable in gaining patient cooperation, alternative methods are required. Hypnosis, and other techniques closely associated with hypnosis, can be used for fearful and apprehensive patients. Anxiety and pain are among the most common indications for hypnosis in dental practice. Clinical situations in which hypnosis or a closely related technique could be used are impression taking, bonding, debonding, extraction of very loose primary teeth (Rinchuse and Rinchuse, 2001Go), and for increased patient motivation.

Hypnosis is a communication tool, which could be used to improve patient cooperation by increasing self-belief. Hypnosis was used as a therapeutic modality in the aftermath of World War II, because it helped in the treatment of post-traumatic stress from combat. In 1985, the American Medical Association recognized hypnosis as a legitimate treatment method (Crasilneck and Hall, 1985Go). Since then, it has been used not only to deal with psychological trauma and pain control, but also in influencing mind–body interactions (Rhue et al., 1993Go).

Hypnosis is named after the Greek god for sleep (Hypnos), although the actual state of hypnosis is very different from sleep. Hypnosis is essentially a psychophysiological state of aroused, attentive, receptive focal concentration with a corresponding diminution in peripheral awareness (Cotanch et al., 1987Go; Somer, 1991Go; Lu, 1994Go; Faymoville et al., 1999Go; Müezzinoglu, 2003Go; Hermes et al., 2004Go). The capacity for this state varies among individuals (Barber, 1956Go; Ates, 1997Go; Moore et al., 2002Go). This capacity may be genetically determined or perhaps learned early in life, and it can be tapped into and invoked in three ways: (1) Spontaneously, (2) in response to a signal from another person (formal hypnosis), and (3) in response to a self-induced signal (self-hypnosis; Spiegel and Spiegel, 1978Go). Children are more inclined to hypnosis than adults due to their imaginary capability. Evidence indicates that hypnotic responsivity in children younger than 8 years of age differs significantly from that of older children and adults (Vandenberg, 2002Go).

Hypnosis, often referred to as conscious hypnosis, is a natural phenomenon and can best be described as a state of relaxation and concentration combined with a state of heightened awareness. Conscious hypnosis was first defined as a state throughout which the brain is active without any feeling of sleepiness and is at the same time capable of receiving only the desired suggestion (Müezzinoglu, 1982Go, 2003Go). There is no question of being controlled or manipulated: nobody can be made to do anything that they do not want to do by using hypnosis.

Conscious hypnosis leads to stronger concentration and more focused attention, and thus to better acceptance and greater effectiveness to suggestions (Ersoy and Hanci, 1999Go).

Basically, conscious hypnosis can be divided into two very different treatments: analytic therapy and suggestion therapy, which is used in patient management in dental care. This is a straightforward method used to control simple problems such as smoking, nail biting, weight control, confidence boosting, etc. (Spiegel and Spiegel, 1978Go).

During hypnotherapy, the hypnotherapist uses his/her voice to induce the patient into the state of hypnosis. Rather than the therapist in some commanding or dictorial manner instructing the patient on how to change, the therapist, only helps guide the patient to his own resolution, based upon what that patient seeks to achieve (Barber, 1956Go).

Conscious hypnosis has been used in managing anxiety and pain during dental treatment (Gatchel, 1992Go; Peretz et al., 1996Go; Shaw and Welbury, 1996Go; Patel et al., 2000Go; Willemsen, 2003Go).

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of conscious hypnosis on orthodontic patient cooperation and the accuracy of patient recorded headgear wear.


   Subjects and methods
Top
 Summary
 Introduction
 Subjects and methods
Results
 Discussion
 Conclusion
 References
 
Forty consecutive patients with a skeletal Class II division 1 malocclusion presenting maxillary prognathism were selected from the state-funded patient list. Three patients aged over 12 years of age were eliminated from the study while the parents of seven patients refused participation. The remaining 30 patients (14 males, 16 females) were divided randomly in two equal groups (control and study). A secretary, who was not aware of the severity of the malocclusions, wrote the names of all patients on a list. Those with odd numbers comprised the study group and those with even numbers the control group. The mean age was 10.78 ± 1.06 years for the hypnosis group and 10.07 ± 1.09 years for the control group.

The subjects in both groups were treated by the same orthodontist (GT). The study group patients were motivated at each monthly visit, with conscious hypnosis for 20 minutes by a hypnotist. The control group patients were given only verbal motivation by their orthodontist for 15 minutes at every visit.

The subjects in both groups were instructed to wear their headgear for 16 hours per day and to record their actual wear time on a timetable. Each subject received the same commercially available timing headgear (CSS, Ortho Kinetics Corporation, Vista, California, USA); which consisted of a microprocessor-controlled timing module embedded in one of the headgear traction modules. The patients in both groups were not informed that their monthly headgear wear time was being recorded. The timer device begins a timing cycle when the module is placed under tension and stops timing when tension is released.

At each monthly visit, the module was placed in an infrared reader and the data on the module were transferred to a computer using Affirm Software V 4.2 (Ortho Kinetics Corporation, Vista, California, USA). Data received from the modules of the hypnosis and control groups were compared. In addition, the timetables were collected from the patients. In order to investigate the reliability of the timetables, the number of hours reported by the patients was compared with the number of hours recorded by the modules for each group separately.

Cooperation could only be monitored for a period of 6 months due to the limited battery life of the timer modules.


Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using the GraphPad Prisma Software Version 3.0 for Windows (San Diego, California, USA). In addition to standard descriptive statistical calculations (mean and standard deviation), for each treatment month, analysis of variance was used to determine the differences in measurements at each time point. For comparison of the control and hypnosis groups at each visit, an independent t-test was used. The statistical significance level was established at P < 0.05. The results were evaluated within a 95 per cent confidence interval.


   Results
Top
 Summary
 Introduction
 Subjects and methods
 Results
Discussion
 Conclusion
 References
 
Table 1 shows the comparison of actual headgear wear, measured by the timer modules, for each group. A statistically significant decrease (P < 0.01) of headgear wear was observed in the control group from the first to the sixth month; however, the difference in the hypnosis group was not significant (P > 0.05; Table 1).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 1 Comparison of actual hours of headgear wear time measured by the timer modules between the control and hypnosis groups. One-way analysis of variance and independent t-test (n = 15).

 
The difference between headgear wear measured by the timer modules in both groups was significant at the third (P < 0.01) and fifth (P < 0.05) months (Table 1).

The low correlation between the headgear wear indicated by the patients and that recorded by the timing modules is given in Table 2. The control group reported 32.17 hours more wear than they actually used their headgear while for the hypnosis group, this was only 18.57 hours more than their actual use of the headgear.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 2 Comparisons of reported and actual hours of headgear wear time in the control and hypnosis groups. One-way analysis of variance and independent t-test.

 

   Discussion
Top
 Summary
 Introduction
 Subjects and methods
 Results
 Discussion
Conclusion
 References
 
Cervical headgear is popular for early treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusions during the mixed dentition. Jacobson (1979)Go emphasized that treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusions should be undertaken in the early mixed dentition. Cooperation has been accepted as an important factor in orthodontic treatment outcomes, especially when extra oral appliances are used. Kleck et al. (1974)Go stated that children attach great importance to body image and their physical cues may determine social acceptance. It is obvious that extra oral appliances will affect body image and this could be a reason for not wearing headgear. In order to overcome this cooperation problem, the patient should be properly motivated. Lack of adequate patient cooperation is not only a treatment response problem but can be a source of frustration and anxiety for the orthodontist. Lack of patient cooperation can disrupt even the best treatment planning and mechanics (Jaraback, 1965Go).

There are many ways of motivating orthodontic patients, such as the use of timetables, reward and punishment methods as well as behaviour modification and improving clinician–patient relationship (White, 1974Go; Portnoy, 1997Go; Richter et al., 1998Go; Cole, 2002Go). Despite the use of these methods, motivating orthodontic patients is still a challenge.

The use of hypnosis as an alternative method in medicine has gained popularity in last two decades. Clinical situations in which hypnosis, or a closely related technique, could be used are: impression taking, bonding, debonding, and extraction of very loose primary teeth. Since there is no evidence-based study indicating the relationship between hypnosis and patient motivation, this study was performed.

Northcutt (1974)Go reported that cooperation increased when patients were informed that their headgear wear was being recorded at every appointment. In this study, the patients in both groups were not informed that their monthly headgear wear times were monitored in order to observe the pure effect of motivational approaches.

The actual headgear wear observed in the control group reduced with time (Table 1), indicating that patient cooperation decreases with time during treatment if the patient is not properly motivated (Sinha et al., 1996Go). In the present study, verbal motivation performed by the orthodontist was not sufficient to achieve sufficient patient cooperation. On the other hand, no significant decrease was observed in headgear wear in the hypnosis group during treatment (Table 1). This finding indicates that conscious hypnosis is an effective method of patient motivation.

By comparing the actual and reported headgear wear times for both groups, it was found out that most patients in both groups recorded more headgear wear on their timetables than actually occurred (Table 2). The control group reported 32.17 hours more headgear wear than that recorded with the timer module. The hypnosis group reported only 18.57 hours more. This might be explained by the hypnosis group patients marking their headgear wear on the timetables more acurately than the control group patients. This finding is similar to the results of Cole (2002)Go and Cureton et al. (1993b)Go. As the measurement of cooperation by timetables is subjective, it highlights the belief that timetables are not reliable for measuring patient cooperation during treatment.

Measurements recorded with the timer modules could be carried out for only 6 months due to the life of the battery. A longer evaluation period may have produced different results.


   Conclusion
Top
 Summary
 Introduction
 Subjects and methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusion
References
 
Patient cooperation with orthodontic instruction tends to decrease over the period of treatment with extra oral appliances, regardless of the type of compliance demonstrated early in therapy. This pilot study indicates that conscious hypnosis is an effective method for improving orthodontic patient cooperation. Timetables are not robust tools for measuring patient cooperation during treatment. Due to the small sample size in this study, the results must be interpreted with caution and further research with larger groups is required.


   References
Top
 Summary
 Introduction
 Subjects and methods
 Results
 Discussion
 Conclusion
 References
 

    Aittasalo M, Miilunpalo S, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Pasanen M. A randomized intervention of physical activity promotion and patient self-monitoring in primary health care. Preventive Medicine (2006) 42:40–46.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

    Alley TR. Social and applied aspects of perceiving faces. (1982) Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Ates M. Hipnoz ve dishekimligindeki uygulamalari. Dis Hekimligi Dergisi (1997) 25:161–166.

    Barber TX. A note on hypnositability and personality traits. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis (1956) 4:109–114.[CrossRef]

    Barton KA, Blanchard EB, Veazey C. Self-monitoring as an assessment strategy in behavioral medicine: clinical assessment applications of self-monitoring. Psychological Assessment (1999) 11:490–497.[CrossRef][Web of Science]

    Bos A, Hoogstraten J, Prahl-Andersen B. On the use of personality characteristics in predicting compliance in orthodontic practice. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (2003) 123:568–571.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

    Clemmer JE, Hayes EW. Patient cooperation in wearing orthodontic headgear. American Journal of Orthodontics (1979) 75:517–524.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

    Cole W. Accuracy of patient reporting as an indication of headgear compliance. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (2002) 121:419–423.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

    Cook AH, Selke TA, BeGole EA. Control of the vertical dimensions in Class II correction using a cervical headgear and lower utility arch in growing patients. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (1994) 106:376–388.[Web of Science][Medline]

    Cotanch PH, Harrison M, Roberts J. Hypnosis as an intervention for pain control. Nursing Clinics of North America (1987) 22:699–704.[Web of Science][Medline]

    Crasilneck HB, Hall JA. Clinical hypnosis principles and applications (1985) 2nd edn. Orlando: Grune and Stratton.

    Cureton SL, Regennitter F, Orbell MG. An accurate, inexpensive headgear timer. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics (1991) 25:749–754.[Medline]

    Cureton SL, Regennitter FJ, Yancey JM. Clinical versus quantitative assessment of headgear compliance. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (1993a) 104:277–284.[Web of Science][Medline]

    Cureton SL, Regennitter FJ, Yancey JM. The role of the headgear calendar in headgear compliance. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (1993b) 104:387–394.[Web of Science][Medline]

    Doruk C, Agar U, Babacan H. The role of the headgear timer in extra oral cooperation. European Journal of Orthodontics (2004) 26:289–291.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

    Egolf RJ, BeGole EA, Upshaw HS. Factors associated with orthodontic patient compliance with intra oral elastic and headgear wear. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (1990) 97:336–348.[Web of Science][Medline]

    El-Mangoury NH. Orthodontic cooperation. American Journal of Orthodontics (1981) 79:604–622.

    Ersoy MA, Hanci I H. Hipnoz ve Adli Hipnoz. Hekim ve Yasam (1999) 6:1214–1215.

    Faymoville ME, Meurisse M, Fissette J. Hypnosedation: a valuable alternative to traditional anesthetic techniques. Acta Chirurgica Belgica (1999) 99:141–146.[Web of Science][Medline]

    Fields RS. Influencing patient cooperation. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics (1980) 14:417–421.[Medline]

    Friedman IM, Litt IF. Adolescents' compliance with therapeutic regimens. Journal of Adolescent Health Care (1987) 8:52–57.[CrossRef][Medline]

    Gatchel RJ. Managing anxiety and pain during dental treatment. Journal of the American Dental Association (1992) 123:37–41.[Abstract]

    Güray E, Orhan M. Selçuk type headgear-timer (STHT). American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (1997) 111:87–92.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

    Hermes D, Trübger D, Hakim SG, Sieg P. Perioperativer einsatz von medizinischer hypnose. Der Anesthesist (2004) 4:326–333.

    Jacobson A. Psychology and early orthodontic treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics (1979) 75:511–529.

    Jarabak J. Management of an orthodontic practice, Chapter 7 (1965) St. Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company. 150–181.

    Karaman AI, Basciftci FA, Gelgor E. Ortodontik tedavi gören hastalarda headgear ve agiz içi elastik kullaniminin hasta kooperasyonu üzerine etkisi. Türk Ortodonti Dergisi (2002) 15:108–115.

    Kleck RE, Richardson SA, Ronald L. Physical appearance cues and interpersonal attraction in children. Child Development (1974) 45:305–310.[CrossRef][Web of Science]

    Kopecky GR, Fishman LS. Timing of cervical headgear treatment based on skeletal maturation. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (1993) 104:162–169.[Web of Science][Medline]

    Lu DP. The use of hypnosis for smooth sedation induction and reduction of postoperative violent emergencies from anesthesia in pediatric dental patients. Journal of Dentistry for Children (1994) 6:182–185.

    Mäntysaari R, Kantomaa T, Pirttiniemi P, Pykalainan A. The effect of early headgear treatment on dental arches and craniofacial morphology: a report of a 2 year randomized study. European Journal of Orthodontics (2004) 26:59–64.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

    Mehra T, Nanda RS, Sinha PK. Orthodontists’ assessment and management of patient compliance. Angle Orthodontist (1998) 68:115–122.[Web of Science][Medline]

    Mitchell JI. It's time for the timing headgear. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics (1976) 10:919–929.

    Moore R, Broadsgaard I, Abrahamsen R. A 3 year comparison of dental anxiety treatment outcomes: hypnosis, group therapy and individual desensitization vs. no specialist treatment. European Journal of Oral Sciences (2002) 110:287–300.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

    Müezzinoglu AE. 3877 cases under conscious hypnosis. (1982) Istanbul: Conscious Hypnosis Center, Agaoglu Yayinevi Tesisleri. 7–13.

    Müezzinoglu AE. Tibbi Hipnoz Kurslari, 1. Basamak Temel Bilgiler, Ders Notlari (2003) Yeditepe Üniversitesi Dis Hekimligi Fakültesi. 7–42.

    Northcutt ME. The timing headgear. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics (1974) 8:321–324.[Medline]

    Northcutt ME. Updating the timing headgear. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics (1975) 9:713–717.[Medline]

    Patel B, Potter C, Mellor AC. The use of hypnosis in dentistry: a review. Dental Update (2000) 27:198–202.[Medline]

    Peretz B, Katz J, Zilburg I, Shemer J. Treating dental phobic patients in the Israel defense force. International Dental Journal (1996) 46:108–112.[Medline]

    Portnoy S. Patient co-operation—how can it be improved? British Journal of Orthodontics (1997) 24:340–342.[Abstract]

    Remmel PS. Assessment of dietary compliance. American Journal of Public Health (1982) 72:128–129. (editorial).[Free Full Text]

    Rhue JW, Lynn SJ, Kirsch I. Handbook of clinical hypnosis, (1993) Washington: American Psychologic Association.

    Richter DD, Nanda RS, Sinha PK, Smith DW. Effect of behavior modification on patient compliance in orthodontics. Angle Orthodontist (1998) 68:123–132.[Web of Science][Medline]

    Rinchuse DJ, Rinchuse DJ. The use of educational-psychological principles in orthodontic practice. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (2001) 119:660–663.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

    Rubin RM. The uncooperative patient. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics (1980) 14:176–177.[Medline]

    Rubin RM. Behavior modification for orthodontic cooperation. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics (1983) 14:322–325.

    Shaw AJ, Welbury RR. The use of hypnosis in a sedation clinic for dental extractions in children: Report of 20 cases. Journal of Dentistry for Children (1996) 63:418–420.[Medline]

    Sinclair PM. Cooperation. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics (1994) 28:361–363.

    Sinha PK, Nanda RS, McNeil DW. Perceived orthodontist behaviors that predict patient satisfaction, orthodontist-patient relationship, and patient adherence in orthodontic treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (1996) 110:370–377.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

    Somer E. Hypnotherapy in the treatment of the chronic nocturnal use of a dental splint prescribed for bruxism. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis (1991) 39:145–154.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

    Spiegel H, Spiegel D. Trance and treatment, clinical uses of hypnosis. (1978) Washington: American Psychiatric Press, Inc. pp. 33–34, 132–145.

    Tulloch JFC, Proffit WR, Phillips C. Influences on the outcome of early treatment for Class II malocclusion. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (1997) 111:533–542.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

    Tung AW, Kiyak HA. Psychological influences on the timing of orthodontic treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics (1998) 113:29–39.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

    Turbill EA, Richmond S, Wright JL. Social inequality and discontinuation of orthodontic treatment: is there a link? European Journal of Orthodontics (2003) 25:175–183.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

    Vandenberg B. Hypnotic responsivity from a developmental perspective: insights from young children. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis (2002) 50:229–247.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

    Weiss J, Eiser HM. Psychological timing of orthodontic treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics (1977) 72:198–203.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

    White LW. Behavior modification of orthodontic patients. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics (1974) 8:501–505.[Medline]

    Willemsen R. Hypnosis techniques used to diminish anxiety and fear: a review of the literature. Revue Belge de Medecine Dentaire (2003) 58:99–104.[Medline]


Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us    What's this?



This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow FREE Full Text (PDF) Freely available
Right arrow All Versions of this Article:
30/2/147    most recent
cjm120v1
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Trakyali, G.
Right arrow Articles by Arun, T.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Trakyali, G.
Right arrow Articles by Arun, T.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?