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The European Journal of Orthodontics 1989 11(3):235-242;
© 1989 by European Orthodontic Society
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A comparison of skeletal and dental changes produced by Function Regulators (FR-2 and FR-3)

W. John S. Kerr*,, Thomas R. TenHave** and James A. McNamara, Jr.***

* Department of Orthodontics, University of Glasgow Scotland, U.K.
** Centre for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, USA
*** Department of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, USA

W J S Kerr, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, Scotland, United Kingdom

The lateral skull radiographs of subjects taken before and after treatment with the FR-2 (N=99) and FR-3 (N=30) of Frankel were compared to contrast the effects of each appliance.

The major skeletal effect of both appliances was on the mandible, the FR-2 group showing a significantly greater annual increase in total length and ramus height (P<0.001) and the FR-3 group a significant change in position downward and backward facilitated by an opening of the cranial base angle. The greater annual increase in lower facial height, compared with a control group, seen in both FR groups was accompanied by a reduction in overbite, which was greater in the FR-2 group. The favourable change in overjet seen in both FR groups was contributed to by alteration in upper and lower incisor inclination.


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